Eficácia, segurança e tolerabilidade da Enoxaparina para prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso nas cirurgias eletivas de abdome, pelve e varizes: revisão rápida de evidências / Seffectiveness,safety and tolerability of Enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in elective surgery of the abdomen, pelvis and varices: quick evidence review

Tecnologia: Enoxaparina comparada à profilaxia mecânica e/ou outros medicamentos disponíveis ou não no SUS. Indicação: Profilaxia de Tromboembolismo Venoso (TEV) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de abdome, pelve e varizes. Pergunta: Há superioridade em eficácia e segurança da enoxaparina (heparina de baixo peso molecular - HBPM) comparada à profilaxia mecânica e a outros medicamentos disponíveis ou não no SUS para prevenção de TEV em pacientes acima de 18 anos, não gestantes, em pós-operatório de cirurgias eletivas de abdome, pelve e varizes? Métodos: Revisão rápida de evidências (overview) de revisões sistemáticas, com levantamento bibliográfico realizado na base de dados PUBMED, utilizando estratégia estruturada de busca. A qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada com AMSTAR-2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews). Resultados: Foram selecionadas quatro e incluídas duas revisões sistemáticas com metanálise. Conclusão: HBPM no pós-operatório de cirurgia abdominal e pelve reduziu a incidência de TEV geral e TEV sintomático, sem aumentar risco de sangramento e mortalidade. Nas cirurgias de veias varicosas, foi observado uma redução de todos os eventos trombóticos e risco de TVP, sem aumentar risco de sangramento

Technology: Enoxaparin compared to mechanical prophylaxis and/or other drugs available or not in the SUS. Indication: Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing surgery of the abdomen, pelvis and varicose veins. Question: There is superiority in efficacy and safety of enoxaparin, compared to mechanical prophylaxis and other drugs available or not in the SUS, for the prevention of VTE for patients over 18 years old, non-pregnant in the postoperative period of elective surgeries of the abdomen, pelvis and varicose veins? Methods: Rapid review of evidence (overview) from systematic reviews, with a bibliographic search in the PUBMED database, using a structured strategy. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed with AMSTAR-2 (Methodological Quality Assessment of Systematic Reviews). Results: Four were selected and two systematic reviews with meta-analysis were included. Conclusion: LMWH in the postoperative period of abdominal and pelvic surgery reduced the incidence of general VTE and symptomatic VTE, without increasing the risk of bleeding and mortality. In varicose vein surgeries, a reduction in all thrombotic events and risk of DVT was observed, without increasing the risk of bleeding

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: An emerging cause of cirrhosis in Colombia / La esteatohepatitis no alcohólica: una causa emergente de cirrosis en Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Cirrhosis of the liver is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America; the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our population could be changing the epidemiological profile of patients with advanced chronic liver disease. Aim: To characterize a group of patients with cirrhosis of the liver at an outpatient hepatology care center in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, and determine the contribution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as an etiological factor in this population. Materials and methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical study. All patients who attended the hepatology follow-up with a diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver were in the six-monthly follow-up protocol that included screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and esophageal varices. Results: 346 patients were included, most were women (54.3 %). The first and second causes of cirrhosis were cryptogenic (35 %) and NASH (30.9 %), respectively, followed by viral hepatitis (17 %) and autoimmune diseases (9 %). Of these patients, 87.4 % were within categories A and B of the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, and only 12.5 % (33 patients) were in stage C. Also, 60 % had at least one clinical decompensation, 38 % a history of variceal hemorrhage, and 4 % a diagnosis of HCC; 80.6 % of patients with NASH cirrhosis had diabetes, and 46.7 % were overweight. Conclusion: NASH cirrhosis is an emerging cause of advanced chronic liver disease in Colombia.

Resumen Introducción: la cirrosis hepática es una importante causa de morbimortalidad en América Latina; el incremento de la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en nuestra población podría estar cambiando el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica avanzada. Objetivos: caracterizar un grupo de pacientes con cirrosis hepática y determinar la contribución de la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH) como factor etiológico de esta población en la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, en un centro de atención ambulatoria de hepatología. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, analítico. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes que acudieron al seguimiento de hepatología con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática que se encontraban en el protocolo de seguimiento semestral que incluía el cribado de hepatocarcinoma y várices esofágicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 346 pacientes. La mayoría fueron mujeres (54,3 %). La primera y segunda causa de cirrosis fue la criptogénica (35 %) y la NASH (30,9 %), respectivamente; seguidas de las hepatitis virales (17 %) y enfermedades autoinmunes (9 %). De estos pacientes, el 87,4 % se encontraba dentro de las categorías A y B de la escala pronóstica de Child-Turcotte-Pugh, y solo el 12,5 % (33 pacientes) en estadio C. El 60 % había presentado al menos una descompensación clínica, 38 % tenía antecedentes de hemorragia por várices y 4 %, diagnóstico de hepatocarcinoma. El 80,6 % de los pacientes con cirrosis NASH era diabético y el 46,7 % tenía exceso de peso. Conclusión: La cirrosis NASH es una causa emergente de enfermedad hepática crónica avanzada en Colombia.

Effects of primary preventive treatment under endoscope for esophageal and gastric varices on bleeding rate and its relevant factors / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of primary preventive treatment under endoscope for esophageal and gastric varices on bleeding rate and its relevant factors. Methods: 127 cases with liver cirrhosis accompanied with esophageal and gastric varices without bleeding history were included in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic treatment group, respectively. Informed consent was obtained from both groups. Gastric varices (Lgf) and esophageal varices (Leg) were diagnosed according to LDRf classification criteria, and the corresponding treatment scheme was selected according to the recommended principle of this method.The incidence rate of bleeding from ruptured esophageal varices were observed at 3, 6 months, and 1, and 2 years in the treated and the untreated group, and the patients with different Child-Pugh scores were followed-up for 2 years. Gender, age, etiology, varicose degree, Child-Pugh grade, platelet count, prothrombin activity, portal vein thrombosis, collateral circulation, portal vein width and other factors affecting the bleeding rate were assessed. Measurement data were described as mean ± standard deviation (x¯±s), and qualitative data of categorical variables were expressed as percentage (%), and χ2 test was used. Results: 127 cases were followed up for 2 years. There were 55 cases in the endoscopic treatment group (18 cases underwent band ligation, 2 cases underwent band ligation combined with tissue adhesive embolization, 28 cases underwent sclerotherapy, and 7 cases underwent sclerotherapy combined with tissue adhesive embolization). Recurrent bleeding and hemorrhage was occurred in 5 (9.1%) and 28 cases (38.9%), respectively (P<0.05). In addition, there were 72 cases in the untreated group (P<0.05). Severe varicose veins proportions in treated and untreated group were 91.1% and 85.1%, respectively (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in liver cirrhosis-related medication and β-blocker therapy between the treated and untreated group (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the bleeding rate between the different treated groups (P>0.05). The bleeding rates at 3, 6 months, 1, and 2 years in endoscopic treated and untreated group were 2.00% vs. 2.59% (P>0.05), 2.30% vs. 5.88% (P>0.05), 3.10% vs. 7.55% (P>0.05) and 4.00% vs. 21.62% (P<0.05), respectively. All patients with Child-Pugh grade A, B and C in the treated and the untreated group were followed-up for 2 years, and the bleeding rates were 1.8% vs. 8.1% (P<0.05), 1.1% vs. 9.4% (P<0.05) and 9.1% vs. 10.1% (P>0.05), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the rupture and bleeding of esophageal and gastric varices, varices degree, Child-Pugh grade and presence or absence of thrombosis formation in portal vein (P<0.05); however, no statistically significant differences in gender, age, etiology, platelet count, prothrombin activity, collateral circulation and portal vein width (P>0.05). There was no intraoperative bleeding and postoperative related serious complications in the treated group. Conclusion: The risk of initial episodes of bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices is significantly correlated with the varices degree, Child-Pugh grade, and portal vein thrombosis. Primary preventive treatment under endoscope is safe and effective for reducing the long-term variceal bleeding risk from esophageal and gastric varices.

Experimental study on the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability / 生物医学工程学杂志

Foam stability affects the efficacy and incidence of side effects of foam sclerotherapy. Exploring the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability can provide ideas and basis for obtaining more stable foam. In the experiment, sodium cod liver oleate foam was selected, and poloxamer 188 (concentration of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%) was added to realize the change of foam pressure. By using the self-written program to process the foam pictures, the foam pressure difference and the relationship between the foam stability indicators (water separation rate curve, half-life) and the foam pressure difference were obtained. The results showed that at first the foam pressure increased with the increase of the concentration, and then it decreased with the increase of the concentration and reached a peak at the concentration of 4%. The foam pressure difference decreases continuously with the increase of decay time. When the additive concentration is low, the foam average pressure difference increases. And if the additive concentration is too high, the foam average pressure difference decreases. The smaller the foam pressure difference is, the better the foam stability is. This paper lays a foundation for the research on the stability of foam hardener.

Varizes mamárias promovendo limitação no diagnóstico do câncer de mama bilateral, associado a trombose mamária: um relato de caso / Breast varices limiting diagnosis of bilateral breast cancer, associated with breast thrombosis: a case report

Varizes mamárias bilaterais e simétricas são entidades raras, que são geralmente decorrentes de síndrome da veia cava superior. O mecanismo desta síndrome é a obstrução crônica do fluxo sanguíneo da veia cava superior para o átrio direito. Este é o relato do caso de uma paciente idosa que apresentava varizes em ambas as mamas e que apresentou câncer de mama bilateral. Várias peculiaridades chamam a atenção neste caso. Uma delas é que as varicosidades limitaram a visualização de pelo menos um dos nódulos pela mamografia, e podem ter contribuído para a demora do seu diagnóstico. Outra foi o desenvolvimento do câncer de mama bilateral, que tem uma incidência bem menor do que o unilateral. E, por último, houve o desenvolvimento de trombose venosa nas varizes de ambas as mamas. A trombose venosa é uma possível complicação de vários tipos de neoplasias, porém sua associação ao câncer de mama é rara. Não encontramos na literatura científica descrição de trombose localizada nas mamas em pacientes com câncer

Bilateral and symmetrical breast varices are rare entities and usually result from superior vena cava syndrome. This syndrome develops due to chronic obstruction of blood flow from the superior vena cava to the right atrium. This article reports a case of an elderly patient who had varicose veins in both breasts, and who had bilateral breast cancer. This case has several peculiarities. One of them is that varicosities limited the visualization of at least one of the nodules on mammography, and may have contributed to the delay in its diagnosis. Another one was the development of bilateral breast cancer, which has a much lower incidence than unilateral. And finally, there was the development of venous thrombosis in the varicose veins of both breasts. Venous thrombosis is a possible complication of several types of neoplasms, but its association with breast cancer is rare. We could not find in scientific literature descriptions of breast thrombosis in patients with cancer.

Tromboprofilaxia na cirurgia de varizes dos membros inferiores no Brasil / Thromboprophylaxis in lower limb varicose vein surgery in Brazil

Resumo Contexto Apesar de todo o investimento na profilaxia primária do tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) em pacientes cirúrgicos nos últimos anos, ainda não existem diretrizes específicas para aqueles que serão submetidos a procedimentos para tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Objetivos Avaliar o perfil de conduta de profilaxia do TEV pelos cirurgiões vasculares brasileiros para procedimentos de tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Métodos Pesquisa de levantamento por envio de questionário eletrônico a cirurgiões vasculares brasileiros. Os respondentes foram divididos entre os que realizam tratamento de veias safenas por cirurgia convencional e os que realizam termoablação para fim de comparação entre os grupos. Resultados Entre os 765 respondentes, o tratamento de escolha das veias safenas foi a cirurgia convencional para 405 (53%), espuma ecoguiada para 44 (6%) e termoablação (endolaser ou radiofrequência) para 199 (26%). Os cirurgiões que realizam termoablação prescrevem mais farmacoprofilaxia após o procedimento que aqueles que preferem cirurgia convencional (67/199, 34% vs. 112/405, 28%; p = 0,002). O grupo termoablação estratifica o paciente quanto ao risco de TEV com mais frequência que o grupo cirurgia convencional (102/199, 51% vs. 179/405, 44%; p =0,004). Ambos os grupos usam mais frequentemente enoxaparina como medicação para profilaxia, porém o grupo termoablação usa mais anticoagulantes orais diretos proporcionalmente que o grupo cirurgia convencional (26% vs. 10%, p < 0,001). Conclusões Cirurgiões vasculares brasileiros que fizeram o tratamento de veias safenas por termoablação prescrevem farmacoprofilaxia com maior frequência e por um período mais prolongado do que os que realizaram o tratamento por cirurgia convencional.

Abstract Background Despite all the investment in primary venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for surgical patients in recent years, there are still no specific guidelines for those who undergo procedures to treat lower limb varicose veins. Objectives To evaluate the profile of VTE prophylaxis practices among Brazilian vascular surgeons conducting lower limb varicose vein procedures. Methods Survey design, sending an electronic questionnaire to Brazilian vascular surgeons. Respondents were divided between those who perform saphenous vein treatment with conventional surgery and those who perform thermoablation for the purpose of comparison between groups. Results Of 765 respondents, 405 (53%) treat saphenous veins with conventional surgery for, 44 (6%) with foam, and 199 (26%) with thermoablation (endolaser or radiofrequency). Surgeons who perform thermoablation prescribed more pharmacoprophylaxis after varicose vein surgery than those who perform conventional surgery (67/199, 34% vs. 112/405, 28%; p = 0.002). The thermoablation group stratifies patients for thromboembolism risk more frequently than the conventional surgery group (102/199, 51% vs. 179/405, 44%; p = 0.004). Both groups use enoxaparin as the most frequent drug for prophylaxis, but the thermoablation group uses proportionally more direct oral anticoagulants than the conventional surgery group (26% vs. 10%, p<0.001). Conclusions Brazilian vascular surgeons who perform saphenous vein treatment by thermoablation prescribe pharmacoprophylaxis more frequently and for a longer period than those who use conventional surgery.

Percepção positiva e eficácia das meias de compressão na prevenção de edema em membros inferiores de gestantes / Positive perception and efficacy of compression stockings for prevention of lower limb edema in pregnant women

Resumo Contexto A gravidez é caracterizada por mudanças fisiológicas que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de varizes, insuficiência venosa e edema das pernas. Objetivos Avaliar o efeito das meias de compressão em edema de membros inferiores e a percepção sobre o uso por gestantes. Métodos Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, prospectivo, paralelo e cego realizado com 60 mulheres grávidas distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo intervenção (n = 30), que usou meias de compressão, e grupo controle (n = 30). Foram realizadas medições padronizadas de tornozelo e panturrilha, empregando-se fita métrica, em todos os 120 membros inferiores. No final do estudo, foi aplicado também um questionário para verificação das dificuldades e vantagens percebidas com relação ao uso das meias de compressão. Resultados As gestantes do grupo intervenção apresentaram aumento significativamente menor (p < 0,05) nos diâmetros de panturrilha e tornozelo em relação ao grupo controle. As diferenças médias, no início e no final da gestação, nos diâmetros de panturrilha direita, panturrilha esquerda, tornozelo direito e tornozelo esquerdo foram de, respectivamente, 0,30 cm, 0,30 cm, 0,15 cm e 0,15 cm no grupo intervenção e 1,95 cm, 1,95 cm, 1,73 cm e 1,87 cm no grupo controle. A maioria das gestantes não teve dificuldade para utilizar as meias de compressão, e todas relataram que sentiram diferença nos sintomas das pernas e que usariam as meias novamente. Conclusões As meias de compressão foram eficazes na prevenção de edema em membros inferiores de gestantes, as quais apresentaram percepção positiva quanto à sua utilização.

Abstract Background Pregnancy is characterized by physiological changes that can contribute to development of varicose veins, venous insufficiency, and leg edema. Objectives To evaluate the effect of compression stocking on lower limb edema in pregnant women and their perceptions of wearing them. Methods This was a randomized, controlled, prospective, parallel, blinded clinical trial conducted with 60 pregnant women randomly distributed into two groups: an intervention group (n = 30) wearing compression stockings and a control group (n = 30). Standardized ankle and calf measurements were taken of all 120 lower limbs using a tape measure. At the end of the study, a questionnaire was administered to identify perceived difficulties and advantages related to wearing compression stockings. Results Pregnant women in the intervention group had a significantly smaller increase (p < 0.05) in calf and ankle diameters compared to those in the control group. The mean differences from the beginning to the end of gestation in the diameters of the right calf, left calf, right ankle, and left ankle respectively were 0.30 cm, 0.30 cm, 0.15, cm and 0.15 cm in the intervention group and 1.95 cm, 1.95 cm, 1.73 cm, and 1.87 cm in the control group. Most of the pregnant women had no difficulty wearing the compression stockings and all reported that they felt a difference in leg symptoms and would wear stockings again. Conclusions Compression stockings were effective for preventing lower limb edema in pregnant women, who had a positive perception of wearing them.

Trombosis venosa portal extrahepática, manejo quirúrgico con derivación meso-Rex. Serie de 3 casos / Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis, surgical management with meso-Rex shunt. Series of 3 cases

La vena porta es un conducto que drena el flujo esplácnico al hígado y se puede ocluir por diferentes patologías, variando su presentación clínica de acuerdo con la causa de la obstrucción. Es muy importante diferenciar la trombosis portal asociada o no a la cirrosis, ya que su tratamiento y pronóstico es diferente. La trombosis venosa portal extrahepática es una condición netamente de origen vascular, y es la principal causa de trombosis portal en niños y adultos. Presentamos tres casos tratados con derivación meso-Rex, con seguimiento a 6 meses

The portal vein is a conduit that drains splanchnic flow to the liver, it can be occluded by different pathologies and its clinical presentation varies according to the cause of the obstruction. It is very important to differentiate portal thrombosis associated or not with cirrhosis, since its treatment and prognosis is different. Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (PEVT) is a condition of purely vascular origin, being the main cause of portal thrombosis in children and adults. We present three cases with meso-Rex shunt, with a 6-month follow-up

Pulsatile varicose veins: an uncommon presentation of a common condition / Varizes pulsáteis: uma apresentação incomum de uma condição comum

Abstract Varicose veins of the lower limbs are common. However, pulsatile varicose veins are unusual. They could be an indicator of a sinister underlying pathology, such as severe cardiac dysfunction. It is easy to miss these rare cases during clinical workup, which can result in futile treatment with potentially dangerous consequences. In this report, we describe 2 cases of pulsatile varicose veins that highlight different etiologies and management strategies for this condition.

Resumo Varizes dos membros inferiores são comuns. Entretanto, varizes pulsáteis são raras, podendo ser indicadoras de uma patologia subjacente sombria como disfunção cardíaca grave. É fácil deixar passar esses casos raros durante exames clínicos, o que pode resultar em tratamento fútil com consequências potencialmente perigosas. Neste relato, descrevemos dois casos de varizes pulsáteis que evidenciam as diferentes etiologias e estratégias de manejo para essa condição.

Resultados do tratamento do refluxo de veias safenas com endolaser 1. 470 nm e correlação com o grau de insuficiência venosa / Results of venous reflux treatment with 1, 470 nm endolaser and correlation with degree of venous insufficiency

Resumo Contexto Pacientes com doença venosa crônica avançada são mais propensos a exigir outros procedimentos para recidiva de veias varicosas. Ainda não está estabelecido se a gravidade da insuficiência venosa é um fator que influencia a taxa de oclusão de veias safenas tratadas por endolaser. Objetivos Analisar a taxa de oclusão dos segmentos venosos tratados com endolaser e correlacionar com o Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) e a classificação Clínica-Etiológica-Anatômica-Patológica (CEAP) dos pacientes. Métodos Análise retrospectiva de coorte de pacientes operados com endolaser 1.470 nm entre novembro/2012 a março/2020. Foram realizadas estatística descritiva e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier com regressão de Cox para grupos de VCSS e CEAP. Resultados Foram analisados 170 pacientes e 180 segmentos venosos; a idade média foi de 44,3 ± 9,2, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (71%). A densidade de energia média utilizada na veia safena magna foi 49,2 ± 8,3 J/cm. As principais complicações foram dor no trajeto da safena (12,2%) e parestesias após 6 meses (17,2%). Não houve diferença na taxa de oclusão venosa entre grupos com VCSS ≤ 7 e VCSS > 7 (p = 0,067). O grupo de pacientes com CEAP agrupada C4-C5-C6 teve taxa de oclusão menor em relação ao grupo C2-C3 [hazard ratio (HR) = 3,22; intervalo de confiança (IC) 1,85, 5,61; p = 0,001]. Conclusões As taxas de oclusão de segmentos venosos tratados com endolaser foram menores na presença de classificações CEAP avançadas. Nesses pacientes, provavelmente deve-se despender mais energia para o tratamento eficaz das safenas.

Abstract Background Patients with advanced chronic venous disease are more likely to need additional procedures for relapsed varicose veins. It has not yet been established whether severity of venous insufficiency is a factor that influences the occlusion rate of saphenous veins treated with endolasers. Objectives To analyze occlusion rate of venous segments treated with endolaser and correlate it with patients' Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) and Clinical-Etiological-Anatomical-Pathological (CEAP) classification. Methods Retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients operated using a 1,470 nm endolaser from November 2012 to March 2020. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted with Cox regression for groups stratified by VCSS and CEAP. Results A total of 180 venous segments were analyzed in 170 patients. Mean age was 44.3 ± 9.2 and the majority of patients were female (71%). Mean energy density used in the great saphenous vein was 49.2 ± 8.3 J/cm. The most common complications were pain along the course of the saphenous vein (12.2%) and paresthesias at 6 months (17.2%). There was no difference in venous occlusion rate between groups with VCSS ≤ 7 and VCSS > 7 (p = 0.067). A group of patients classified as CEAP classes C4, C5, or C6 had a lower occlusion rate than a group at classes C2 or C3 (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.22; confidence interval [CI] 1.85, 5.61; p = 0.001]. Conclusions The occlusion rates of venous segments treated with endolaser were lower in patients with higher CEAP classes. It is probably necessary to use more energy in these patients to achieve effective treatment of saphenous veins.

Oclusión de la vena safena con cianocrilato, una alternativa para el tratamiento de insuficiencia venosa crónica. Experiencia inicial en el Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social ­ IGSS / Occlusion of the saphenous vein with cyanoacrylate, an alternative for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Initial experience at the Guatemalan Social Security Institute - IGSS

Las técnicas de termo ablación han revolucionado el tratamiento de la insuficiencia venosa crónica, siendo actualmente el estándar de tratamiento. Con el avance tecnológico han surgido nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas, no térmicas, no tumescentes; como el uso de cianocrilato para la oclusión venosa, el cual ha demostrado ser seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento, y tener menos complicaciones posoperatorias. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en nuestro hospital con el uso de cianocrilato para la oclusión de vena safena mayor para el tratamiento de insuficiencia venosa crónica. Describir la eficacia a corto y mediano plazo del cierre, las complicaciones y la mejoría de la sintomatología utilizando el cuestionario CIVIQ-20 y EVA. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional. Entre enero y diciembre de 2019 que incluye a pacientes con insuficiencia de unión safeno femoral, sintomáticos. Con diagnóstico mediante clasificación CEAP y ultrasonido Doppler. Seguimiento clínico y ecográfico valorando oclusión de los segmentos tratados y presencia de venas varicosas a los 3 y 6 meses. Se trataron 5 pacientes con oclusión venosa con cianocrilato (100% mujeres). Valoramos la calidad de vida mediante cuestionario CIVIQ-20 y EVA (Escala Analógica Visual) previo y un mes después del procedimiento. También se describe la tasa de éxito y complicaciones inmediatas y tardías. Resultados: La totalidad de los procedimientos se realizaron con anestesia local, siendo bien tolerados. Con un éxito inmediato del 100 % sin necesidad de conversión. Solo se presentó como complicación urticaria en un paciente en el trayecto de la vena tratada con cianocrilato, la cual se trató con esteroides y resolvió. El CIVIQ-20 mostró mejoría global pasando de 35 a 29 puntos en promedio; siendo el parámetro de actividad física el que mostró una mejoría mayor. EVA demostró que la pesadez (principal síntoma) se redujo un 67%. Durante el seguimiento, ningún caso presento repermeabilización o recanalizaciones segmentarias. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endovenoso de la insuficiencia venosa crónica con las nuevas técnicas no térmicas, no tumescentes es seguro y efectivo. A corto-mediano plazo ofrecen resultados similares a las técnicas termoablativas obviando el inconveniente de la tumescencia y el uso de medias compresivas en el posoperatorio, evitando lesiones térmicas y observándose mejoría en la sintomatología. (AU)

Thermo ablation techniques have revolutionized the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, being currently the standard of treatment. With technological advancement, new non-thermal, non-tumescent surgical techniques have emerged; such as the use of cyanoacrylate for venous occlusion, which has been shown to be safe and effective in treatment, and have fewer postoperative complications. Objective: To describe the experience in our hospital with the use of cyanoacrylate for occlusion of the greater saphenous vein for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Describe the shortand medium-term efficacy of closure, complications, and symptom improvement using the CIVIQ-20 questionnaire and VAS. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study. Between January and December 2019 that includes patients with symptomatic saphenous femoral junction insufficiency. With diagnosis by CEAP classification and Doppler ultrasound. Clinical and ultrasound follow-up evaluating occlusion of the treated segments and the presence of varicose veins at 3 and 6 months. 5 patients with venous occlusion were treated with cyanoacrylate (100% women). We assessed the quality of life using the CIVIQ-20 questionnaire and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) before and one month after the procedure. The immediate and late success rate and complications are also described. Results: All the procedures were performed under local anesthesia, being well tolerated. With immediate 100% success without the need for conversion. Urticaria only presented as a complication in a patient in the path of the vein treated with cyanoacrylate, which was treated with steroids and resolved. The CIVIQ-20 showed global improvement, going from 35 to 29 points on average; being the physical activity parameter the one that showed the greatest improvement. VAS showed that heaviness (main symptom) was reduced by 67%. During follow-up, no case presented segmental recanalization or recanalization. Conclusions: Endovenous treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with new non-thermal, non-tumescent techniques is safe and effective. In the short-medium term, they offer results similar to thermoablative techniques, avoiding the inconvenience of tumescence and the use of compression stockings in the postoperative period, avoiding thermal injuries and observing improvement in symptoms. (AU)

Radiofrequency obliteration of varicose veins of lower extremity guided by combined venography and ultrasonography / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the technical details and short-term effects of radiofrequency obliteration of varicose veins of lower extremities guided by combined venography and ultrasound.@*METHODS@#Thirty-seven patients with varicose veins of lower extremities were treated with radiofrequency obliteration using Olympus Celon RFiTT® under combined guidance of venography and ultrasound. The indications included varicose veins of lower extremities and reflux of the great saphenous vein confirmed by ultrasound. The contraindications included deep vein thrombosis, cardiac pacemaker, severe cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases or coagulation disorders. Under ultrasound guidance, the saphenous vein around knee level was punctured using a 21G needle, and a 7F sheath was introduced. Through the sheath a venography was made, and an Olympus Celon ProCurve radiofrequency catheter was inserted and advanced to the great saphenous vein under road map, and the catheter tip was positioned at the point 2 cm below the sapheno-femoral junction. The swelling anesthesia was made under ultrasound guidance. Then the radiofrequency obliteration was performed with pressing of the treatment section. The venography was repeated to ensure optimal outcomes. If necessary the radiofrequency obliteration could be repeated once to twice. After that the superficial varicose veins were stripping by small incisions under local anesthesia. After operation, medical decompression stocking was utilized immediately and sustained for three months. The clinical data, intraoperative radiation dose, exposure time and short-term effects were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#After the operation, all the patients walked out of the operating room by themselves. The success rate of operation was 100%. The intraoperative radiation dose was 1.78-10.12 mGy (mean 6.56 mGy), and the exposure time was 61-448 s (mean 161 s). By 3 months follow-up, the symptoms were alleviated in all the 37 patients, and the occlusion rate was 100%. No complications such as skin burns, ecchymosis and deep venous thrombosis were found.@*CONCLUSION@#The short-term effects of radiofrequency obliteration using Olympus Celon RFiTT® system in a manner of twice fixed point followed by once reciprocating radiofrequency were satisfactory. Radiofrequency obliteration of great saphenous veins guided by venography and ultrasound has not only the advantages of minimal trauma and rapid recovery, but also the advantages of accurate location, exact effect and avoidance of complications.

Fatal hemorrhage from peripheral varicose vein rupture

Varix of the lower extremities is a common entity that eventually presents fatal outcome. Fatal massive bleeding due to rupture of a peripheral varicose vein is rare. The estimated incidence of these cases is 1/1000 autopsies. The case we present is unique among 26,054 autopsies performed in Milan from 1993 to 2020. It describes the investigations carried out in the suspicion of a non-natural event in an elderly woman. She was found dead at home with a large volume of blood near her feet that drained from the right leg. Pathological examination disclosed that the hemorrhage occurred by the rupture of a venous varix of the lower limb. Cases of fatal hemorrhage from peripheral variceal rupture are insidious and require proper characterization. The bloodstain pattern analysis, careful autopsy dissection by layers to demonstrate the rupture, and histologic examination of the lesion are the essential elements to find out the actual cause of death.

Escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em veias safenas magnas e suas tributárias bilateralmente em tempo único / Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência venosa crônica é uma entidade com alta prevalência. Os casos avançados apresentam morbidade elevada. Objetivos Avaliar os riscos e benefícios da escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em pacientes que foram submetidos ao tratamento das veias safenas magnas bilateralmente em tempo único. Métodos Foram revistos retrospectivamente 55 pacientes (110 membros) portadores de incompetência bilateral das veias safenas magnas submetidas a tratamento escleroterápico com espuma bilateralmente, em tempo único, usando uma dose máxima de 20 mL de espuma de polidocanol por paciente. Resultados Das 110 safenas analisadas, obteve-se a oclusão de 81 (73,6%) com uma sessão, de 106 (96,3%) com duas sessões e de 110 (100%) com três sessões. Houve oclusão bilateral das safenas magnas em 27 pacientes (50%) em uma sessão, em 34 (62%) em duas sessões e em 55 (100%) em três sessões. De 11 pacientes portadores de úlceras, houve cicatrização total de sete (63%) e parcial de três (27%) 42 dias após a escleroterapia. Houve lipotimia autolimitada e escotomas visuais em um paciente (1,8%) e manchas em três (5,45%); 19 pacientes (34,5%) foram submetidos a punção para drenagem de coágulo retido. Conclusões A escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em veias safenas magnas em tempo único mostrou-se uma técnica segura e eficaz em pacientes selecionados.

Abstract Background Chronic venous insufficiency is a highly prevalent disease. Advanced cases have high morbidity. Objectives To evaluate the risks and benefits of foam sclerotherapy in patients who underwent bilateral treatment of the great saphenous veins in a single procedure, in selected cases of advanced venous insufficiency. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients (110 limbs) with bilateral incompetence of the great saphenous veins who had undergone foam sclerotherapy treatment bilaterally, using a maximum dose of 20 ml of foam per patient and inelastic compression. Results In 81 (73.6%) of the 110 saphenous veins analyzed, occlusion was obtained in the first session. After a second session this figure rose to 106 (96.3%) and all 110 (100%) veins were occluded after three sessions. Bilateral occlusion of the great saphenous veins was achieved in 27 patients (50%) in one session, in 34 (62%) patients in two sessions, and in 55 (100%) patients in three sessions. At 42 days after sclerotherapy, there was complete ulcer healing in seven (63%) of the 11 patients with ulcers and partial healing in 3 (27%) of these patients. One patient (1.8%) had self-limited lipothymia and visual scotomas, 3 patients (5.45%) had skin spots, and 19 patients (34.5%) developed retained intravascular coagulum. Conclusions Bilateral foam sclerotherapy in a synchronous procedure is an option to be considered for treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs.

Estudo experimental comparativo da resistência tensional da safena magna no tornozelo e na região inguinal / Experimental comparative assay of tensile resistance of greater saphenous vein from ankle and groin

Resumo Contexto A veia safena magna é usada como material de remendo em vários tipos de reconstrução arterial, incluindo no trauma e endarterectomias de carótida e femoral. Houve relatos de ruptura do remendo de safena, particularmente de veias colhidas na região do tornozelo. Há uma necessidade de medição objetiva da resistência tecidual da safena magna. Objetivos Mensurar a força tensional suportada pela veia safena magna e analisar a correlação entre resistência e diâmetro da veia. Métodos As veias foram coletadas durante operações de safenectomia por varizes dos membros inferiores. Foram analisados apenas segmentos sem refluxo. Foram analisados 10 membros de oito pacientes, com um total de 20 espécimes. Os espécimes foram submetidos a ensaio de tração em equipamento eletrônico, obtendo-se os valores de tensão máxima do material em quilogramas-força por centímetro quadrado (kgf/cm2; força máxima dividida pela área de secção transversa do segmento submetido à tração). Resultados A tensão máxima suportada pela veia safena do tornozelo variou de 74,02 a 190,10 kgf/cm2, e a tensão máxima da veia safena da crossa variou de 13,53 a 69,45 kgf/cm2 (p < 0,0001). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre o diâmetro da veia distendida e a tensão máxima suportada foram iguais a -0,852 (correlação inversa moderada a forte). Conclusões A resistência tecidual da veia safena magna do tornozelo é maior do que a da crossa em mulheres submetidas a operação de varizes; há correlação negativa entre o diâmetro da veia e sua resistência tecidual nessa mesma população.

Abstract Background The great saphenous vein is used as patch material in several types of arterial reconstruction, including trauma and carotid and femoral endarterectomy. There have been reports of saphenous patch blowout, particularly of patches constructed with veins harvested from the ankle. There is a need for objective measurement of the resistance of saphenous vein tissues. Objectives To measure the tensile strength of the great saphenous vein harvested at the ankle and groin and analyze the correlation between diameter and tissue strength. Methods Venous samples were harvested during elective saphenous stripping in patients with symptomatic varicose veins. Only segments without reflux were included. Ten limbs from eight patients were studied, providing 20 samples in total. Venous segments were opened along their longitudinal axis and fitted to electronic traction assay equipment to obtain values for material maximum tension in kilograms-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2; the maximum force resisted by the segment, divided by its cross-sectional area). Results The average maximum tension in the ankle saphenous vein group ranged from 74.02 to 190.10 kgf/cm2 and from 13.53 to 69.45 kgf/cm2 in the groin saphenous vein group (p < 0.0001). The Pearson coefficient for the correlation between vein diameter and maximum tension was -0.852 (moderate to strong inverse correlation). Conclusions Ankle saphenous vein tissue from female patients operated for varicose veins has significantly higher resistance than saphenous vein tissue from the groin and there is an inverse relation between vein diameter and resistance of tissue from the same population.

Avaliação do coto residual após 12 meses de safenectomia sem ligadura alta da junção safeno-femoral / Assessment of residual stumps 12 months after saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction

Resumo Contexto Atualmente, recomenda-se como primeira opção cirúrgica de varizes a termoablação da veia safena; porém, esse procedimento não é realizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. Como forma de incluir melhores resultados, técnicas cirúrgicas esforçam-se para mimetizar as novas tecnologias sem seus custos, sendo a principal delas a realização da safenectomia convencional sem ligadura das suas tributárias. Objetivos Avaliar a evolução do coto residual após safenectomia sem ligadura alta da junção safeno-femoral associada à invaginação do mesmo, assim como avaliar o comportamento das veias acessórias anterior/posterior. Métodos Estudo prospectivo e intervencionista. Foram operados 52 membros pela técnica de safenectomia sem ligadura alta da junção safeno-femoral seguida da invaginação do coto residual. Os pacientes foram avaliados no pré e pós-operatório (7 dias, 3, 6 e 12 meses) através de ultrassonografia vascular com Doppler para análise de diâmetro e extensão do coto residual, diâmetro e refluxo na veia acessória anterior/posterior e presença de neovascularização. A análise estatística foi realizada por média, desvio padrão, mediana, valor mínimo e máximo, frequências e percentuais, teste de Fisher e bimodal. Resultados Evidenciou-se um efeito significativo do tempo sobre a medida de diâmetro (p < 0,001) e da extensão (p = 0,002) do coto residual, porém o mesmo não foi observado quanto ao diâmetro (p = 0,355) ou refluxo na veia acessória anterior. Foi identificada neovascularização em 7 (14,3%) membros. Conclusões Após a utilização da técnica descrita, o coto residual apresentou retração e diminuição do seu diâmetro no período de 1 ano e não transmitiu refluxo para veia acessória. As taxas de neovascularização foram condizentes com a literatura.

Abstract Background Currently, the first-choice option recommended for varicose vein surgery is thermal ablation of the saphenous vein, but this procedure is not available on the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde). In an effort to improve results, surgical techniques have been developed to mimic the new technologies, without their high costs. The most prominent such method involves conventional saphenectomy, without ligation of tributaries. Objectives To assess progression of the residual stump after saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction but with stump invagination and to assess the behavior of anterior/posterior accessory veins. Methods Prospective intervention study. A total of 52 limbs were treated with saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction followed by invagination of the residual stump. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 7 days, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using vascular ultrasonography with Doppler to analyze the length of the residual stump, the diameters of the residual stump and the anterior/posterior accessory vein, reflux in the accessory vein, and presence of neovascularization. Statistical analysis involved calculation of means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and percentages, and Fisher's test and the binomial test. Results There was evidence of a significant time effect on residual stump diameter (p < 0.001) and length (p = 0.002), but the same was not observed with relation to diameter (p = 0.355) or reflux of the anterior accessory vein. Neovascularization was found in 7 (14.3%) limbs. Conclusions After use of the technique described, the residual stump retracted, its diameter reduced over the 1 year postoperative period, and it did not transfer reflux to the accessory vein. Neovascularization rates were in line with the literature.

Varizes pulsáteis simulando aneurisma de artéria femoral: relato de caso / Pulsatile varicose veins simulating femoral artery aneurysm: case report

Resumo A regurgitação tricúspide severa é citada como fator associado ao desenvolvimento ou à recidiva de varizes em membros inferiores as quais podem, retrogradamente, apresentar um fluxo pulsátil. O diagnóstico etiológico diferencial desse achado ultrassonográfico deve ser feito com a pesquisa de fístulas arteriovenosas, tendo em vista as diferentes formas de tratamento. Dada a complexidade do estado geral dos pacientes com regurgitação tricúspide, a escolha do tratamento das varizes pulsáteis deve ser individualizada, fruto de uma avaliação multidisciplinar. Fazem parte do arsenal terapêutico todas as técnicas habitualmente empregadas no tratamento de varizes, bem como a associações entre elas a serem escolhidas levando-se em conta a gravidade das manifestações clínicas e o risco cardiovascular envolvido. Relatamos um caso de varizes pulsáteis secundárias a regurgitação tricúspide, diagnosticado durante a suspeita primária de aneurisma de artéria femoral em paciente de 73 anos, com a classificação clínica da doença venosa (CEAP) 4a, oligossintomática, tratada com medidas posturais e elastocompressão.

Abstract Severe tricuspid regurgitation is mentioned as a factor associated with development or recurrence of varicose veins in the lower limbs and may present with retrograde pulsatile flow. Differential etiological diagnosis of this ultrasound finding must include investigation of arteriovenous fistulas, since the treatment methods are different. Given the complexity of the general condition of patients with tricuspid regurgitation, treatment for pulsatile varices should be chosen on a case-by-case basis after multidisciplinary evaluation. All of the techniques commonly used to treat varicose veins are part of the therapeutic arsenal, as well as combinations of them, taking into account the severity of clinical manifestations and the cardiovascular risk involved. We report a case of pulsatile varices secondary to tricuspid regurgitation diagnosed when investigating a primary suspicion of femoral artery aneurysm in a 73-year-old patient, CEAP 4a, oligosymptomatic, who was treated with postural measures and elastic compression.

Uso do laser de 1. 470 nm para o tratamento de insuficiência venosa superficial / Use of 1, 470 nm laser for treatment of superficial venous insufficiency

Resumo Contexto Existem diversas formas de tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Entre elas, destaca-se o uso do laser diodo de 1.470 nm. Essa técnica proporciona aos pacientes uma cirurgia em regime ambulatorial, com retorno precoce à atividade ocupacional, bom resultado estético e baixo índice de complicações. No entanto, ainda se discute exaustivamente variáveis como comprimento de onda do laser, potência aplicada em cada área, tipo de fibra, necessidade ou não de tumescência e densidade de energia endovenosa linear. Objetivos Analisar os resultados do tratamento da insuficiência venosa superficial com laser diodo de 1.470 nm. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, realizado em uma clínica privada de um hospital privado em Florianópolis a partir de dados colhidos prospectivamente. As amostras eram de 287 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para tratamento da insuficiência venosa superficial com laser diodo de 1.470 nm, de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018, totalizando 358 veias safenas magnas e 84 veias safenas parvas tratadas. Resultados A taxa de oclusão total após 12 meses de cirurgia foi de 94,4%, com densidade de energia endovenosa linear média de 45,90 J/cm nas veias safenas magnas e de 96,4% com densidade de energia endovenosa linear média de 44,07 J/cm nas veias safenas parvas. Conclusões No período acompanhado, o laser diodo de 1.470 nm mostrou-se um tratamento seguro, muito efetivo e com baixas taxas de complicações (dor, edema, equimose, trombose venosa profunda e trombose induzida pelo calor endovenoso).

Abstract Background There are several ways to treat varicose veins of the lower limbs, among which use of 1470nm diode lasers stands out. This technique can be used to treat patients in outpatient settings, with early return to work, good esthetic results, and low rates of complications. However, variables such as the laser wavelength, the power administered in each area, the type of fiber, and the linear intravenous energy density (LEED) are still extensively discussed. Objectives To analyze the results of superficial venous insufficiency treatment with a 1470nm diode laser. Methods Retrospective study conducted at a private clinic in a private hospital in Florianopolis, based on a database collected prospectively. The sample comprised 287 patients who underwent surgery to treat superficial venous insufficiency with 1470nm diode laser, from January 2016 to December 2018, totaling 358 great saphenous veins (GSVs) and 84 small saphenous veins (SSVs) treated. Results The total occlusion rates after 12 months of surgery were 94.4% in the GSVs, with an average LEED of 45.90 J/cm, and 96.4% in the SSVs, with an average LEED of 44.07 J/cm. Conclusions During the follow-up period, the 1470nm diode laser proved to be a safe treatment, with great efficacy and low rates of complications (pain, edema, bruising, deep vein thrombosis, and endothermal heat-induced thrombosis - EHIT).

Várices yeyunales secundarias a trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior: una causa inusual de sangrado del intestino delgado / Jejunal varices secondary to superior mesenteric vein thrombosis: an unusual cause of bleeding from the small intestine

RESUMEN Las várices del intestino delgado, usualmente, están relacionadas con hipertensión portal. Las várices ectópicas secundarias a trombosis crónica aislada de la vena mesentérica superior son muy infrecuentes. El sangrado digestivo secundario a éstas representa un reto diagnóstico, dada la baja prevalencia y sospecha clínica, y terapéutico por la escasa evidencia científica existente con respecto a las opciones de tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 56 años, con sangrado digestivo secundario a várices yeyunales por trombosis crónica de la vena mesentérica superior, asociada a trombofilia; diagnosticadas mediante video cápsula endoscópica (VCE) y enterografía por tomografía (entero TC), sin posibilidades de manejo endoscópico ni radiológico dado el compromiso extenso, intervenido quirúrgicamente con éxito.

ABSTRACT Small bowel varices are usually associated with portal hypertension. Ectopic varices caused by isolated chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis are exceedingly rare. Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to these represents a diagnostic challenge, given the low prevalence and clinical suspicion, and therapeutic dilemma due to the limited scientific evidence available regarding treatment options. We present the case of a 56-year-old man with gastrointestinal bleeding from jejunal varices due to chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis, associated with thrombophilia; diagnosed by video capsule endoscopic (VCE) and computed tomography enterography (CTE), with no possibility of endoscopic or radiological management given the extensive involvement, who underwent successful surgery.

La vena varicosa epidural imita el prolapso de disco y causante de un dolor radicular severo: Reporte de un caso / Epidural varicose vein mimic disc prolapse and causing a severe radicular pain: A case report

Venous varicose of epidura is considered a rare cause of nerve root and thecal sac compression and impingement that leads to lower limb radiculopathy. The purpose of this study is to draw attention to this problem during operation. It also aims to focus shed a light on using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before the operation. This research also attempts to evaluate the outcome of the surgery. Symptoms of epidural varicose with radiculopathy are rare and the diagnosis is often inaccurate by preoperative clinical examination and radiology investigations. Thus, in many cases the diagnosis is made intra- operatively. The case was a 40 years old female who consulted our outpatient clinic complaining from acute radicular pain in the lower back and down of her right lower limb. MRI was done for her and showed paracentral disc herniation. Intra operatively, an abnormal dilatation of epidural vein impingement on L4 nerve root with no foraminal stenosis was seen. We initiated a thermo coagulation of the epidural vein from proximal to distal ends at disc level and used gel foam patch to control bleeding that was removed all at the end of operation. Then, coagulation ablation was performed. The operation resulted in relief of symptoms and neurologic recovery occurred during follow up period. According to our case and previously published case reports, the outcome is good with recovery of neurological signs and symptoms that can be obtained by coagulation ablation of epidural varicose vein.